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<title>Sebaceous gland</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sebaceous gland</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oil gland" redirects here. For the secretion of oil by <a href="Preening" title="Preening">preening</a> of birds, see <a href="Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Uropygial gland</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sebaceous" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Sebaceous_adenitis" title="Sebaceous adenitis">Sebaceous adenitis</a> or <a href="Sebaceous_filaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebaceous filaments">Sebaceous filaments</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Schematic view of <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> and sebaceous gland</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Cross-section of all <a href="Skin_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin layers">skin layers</a>. A <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> with associated structures. (Sebaceous glands labeled at center left.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012627">D012627</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/16.0.00.030%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A16.0.00.030</a><br> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.07.044%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.2.07.044</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=7082">7082</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma59160">59160</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>sebaceous gland</b> or <b>oil gland</b><sup id="cite_ref-medline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a microscopic <a href="Exocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine">exocrine</a> <a href="Gland" title="Gland">gland</a> in the <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> that opens into a <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called <a href="#Sebum">sebum</a>, which lubricates the hair and skin of <a href="Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovászi_Szegedi_Zouboulis_Törőcsik_2017_p=e1375636_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovászi_Szegedi_Zouboulis_Törőcsik_2017_p=e1375636-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, sebaceous glands occur in the greatest number on the <a href="Face" title="Face">face</a> and <a href="Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a>, but also on all parts of the skin except the palms of the <a href="Hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands">hands</a> and <a href="Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">soles</a> of the <a href="Foot_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (anatomy)">feet</a>. In the <a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a>, <a href="Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">meibomian glands</a>, also called tarsal glands, are a type of sebaceous gland that secrete a special type of sebum into <a href="Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>. Surrounding the female <a href="Nipple" title="Nipple">nipples</a>, <a href="Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">areolar glands</a> are specialized sebaceous glands for lubricating the nipples. <a href="Fordyce_spots" title="Fordyce spots">Fordyce spots</a> are benign, visible, sebaceous glands found usually on the <a href="Lip" title="Lip">lips</a>, <a href="Gums" title="Gums">gums</a> and inner <a href="Cheek" title="Cheek">cheeks</a>, and <a href="Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div>

<p>In humans, sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin, except the palms of the <a href="Hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands">hands</a> and <a href="Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">soles</a> of the <a href="Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of sebaceous glands: those connected to <a href="Hair_follicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair follicles">hair follicles</a> and those that exist independently.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATER2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATER2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sebaceous glands are found in hair-covered areas, where they are connected to <a href="Hair_follicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair follicles">hair follicles</a>. One or more glands may surround each hair follicle, and the glands themselves are surrounded by <a href="Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">arrector pili muscles</a>, forming a pilosebaceous unit. The glands have an <a href="Acinus" title="Acinus">acinar structure</a> (like a many-lobed berry), in which multiple glands branch off a central duct. The glands deposit sebum on the hairs and bring it to the skin surface along the <a href="Hair_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair shaft">hair shaft</a>. The structure, consisting of hair, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands, is an epidermal invagination known as a <i>pilosebaceous unit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATER2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATER2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas (<a href="Glabrous_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glabrous skin">glabrous skin</a>) of the <a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a>, <a href="Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, <a href="Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>, <a href="Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">labia minora</a>, the inner <a href="Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> membrane of the <a href="Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a>, and <a href="Nipple" title="Nipple">nipples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATER2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATER2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sebaceous glands have unique names. Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek, and on the genitalia, are known as <a href="Fordyce_spots" title="Fordyce spots">Fordyce spots</a>, and glands on the eyelids are known as <a href="Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">meibomian glands</a>. Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as <a href="Montgomery's_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery's glands">Montgomery's glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

<p>Sebaceous glands are first visible from the 13th to the 16th week of <a href="Prenatal_development#fetal_period" title="Prenatal development">fetal development</a>, as bulgings off hair follicles.<sup id="cite_ref-THIBOUTOT2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THIBOUTOT2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the <a href="Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> of the skin. Overexpression of the signalling factors <a href="Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a>, <a href="Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a> and <a href="Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">SHH</a> all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The sebaceous glands of a human <a href="Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> secrete a substance called <a href="Vernix_caseosa" title="Vernix caseosa">vernix caseosa</a>, a waxy, translucent white substance coating the skin of <a href="Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">newborns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THODY1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THODY1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After birth, activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages two–six years, and then increases to a peak of activity during <a href="Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, due to heightened levels of <a href="Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THIBOUTOT2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THIBOUTOT2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="gallerytext">Base of pilosebaceous unit</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Insertion of sebaceous glands into <a href="Hair_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair shaft">hair shaft</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sagittal_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittal section">Sagittal section</a> through the <a href="Upper_eyelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper eyelid">upper eyelid</a>.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> with associated structures</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a> cross section showing <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> with sebaceous glands.</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p>Relative to keratinocytes that make up the hair follicle, sebaceous glands are composed of huge cells (sebocytes) with many large vesicles that contain the sebum.<sup id="cite_ref-2017-Hanukoglu-2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-Hanukoglu-2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells express Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> ion channels, <a href="ENaC" class="mw-redirect" title="ENaC">ENaC</a> and <a href="CFTR" class="mw-redirect" title="CFTR">CFTR</a> (see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in reference<sup id="cite_ref-2017-Hanukoglu-2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-Hanukoglu-2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</p><p>Sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy substance called <i>sebum</i> (<a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'fat, <a href="Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>') that is made of <a href="Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, <a href="Wax_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax esters">wax esters</a>, <a href="Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a>, and <a href="Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of fat-producing cells. Sebum lubricates the skin and hair of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-JACE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaceous secretions in conjunction with <a href="Apocrine" title="Apocrine">apocrine</a> glands also play an important <a href="Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulatory</a> role. In hot conditions, the secretions emulsify the sweat produced by the <a href="Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">eccrine sweat glands</a> and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. This is of importance in delaying dehydration. In colder conditions, the nature of sebum becomes more lipid, and in coating the hair and skin, rain is effectively repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Zouboulis2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zouboulis2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sebum is produced in a <a href="Holocrine_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocrine gland">holocrine process</a>, in which sebocyte cells within the sebaceous gland rupture and disintegrate as they release the sebum and the cell remnants are secreted together with the sebum.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cells are constantly replaced by <a href="Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> at the base of the duct.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATER2006_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATER2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebum">Sebum</h3></div>

<p>Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous gland in humans. It is primarily composed of <a href="Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (≈41%), <a href="Wax_ester" title="Wax ester">wax esters</a> (≈26%), <a href="Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a> (≈12%), and <a href="Free_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acid">free fatty acids</a> (≈16%).<sup id="cite_ref-THODY1989_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THODY1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHENG2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHENG2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition of sebum varies across species.<sup id="cite_ref-CHENG2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHENG2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wax esters and squalene are unique to sebum and not produced as final products anywhere else in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sapienic_acid" title="Sapienic acid">Sapienic acid</a> is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans, and is implicated in the development of acne.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebum is odorless, but its breakdown by bacteria can produce strong odors.<sup id="cite_ref-ZDD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">Sex hormones</a> are known to affect the rate of sebum secretion; <a href="Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> such as <a href="Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> have been shown to stimulate secretion, and <a href="Estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogens">estrogens</a> have been shown to inhibit secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-jid1969100a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jid1969100a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a> acts as the primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18423697_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18423697-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_function_and_nutrition">Immune function and nutrition</h3></div>

<p>Sebaceous glands are part of the body's <a href="Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">integumentary system</a> and serve to protect the body against microorganisms. Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the <a href="Acid_mantle" title="Acid mantle">acid mantle</a>. This is a thin, slightly <a href="Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> film on the surface of the <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> that acts as a barrier to <a href="Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> that might penetrate the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid-WendtnerSchmid-Wendtner2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-WendtnerSchmid-Wendtner2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an acidity that helps to neutralize the <a href="Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> nature of contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaceous lipids help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier<sup id="cite_ref-Zouboulis2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zouboulis2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Youn2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youn2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supply <a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> to the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unique_sebaceous_glands">Unique sebaceous glands</h3></div>

<p>During the last three months of <a href="Fetal_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal development">fetal development</a>, the sebaceous glands of the fetus produce <a href="Vernix_caseosa" title="Vernix caseosa">vernix caseosa</a>, a waxy white substance that coats the skin to protect it from <a href="Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Areolar_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Areolar glands">areolar glands</a> are in the <a href="Areola" title="Areola">areola</a> that surrounds the nipple in the female breast. These glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple, and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn. During pregnancy and lactation these glands, also called Montgomery's glands, become enlarged.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian glands</a>, in the <a href="Eyelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyelids">eyelids</a>, secrete a form of sebum called <a href="Meibum" class="mw-redirect" title="Meibum">meibum</a> onto the <a href="Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>, that slows the evaporation of <a href="Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also serve to create an airtight seal when the eyes are closed, and their lipid quality also prevents the eyelids from sticking together. They attach directly to the follicles of the eyelashes, which are arranged vertically within the <a href="Tarsal_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsal plate">tarsal plates</a> of the eyelids.

</p><p><a href="Fordyce_spots" title="Fordyce spots">Fordyce spots</a>, or Fordyce granules, are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the genitals and <a href="Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>. They show themselves as yellowish-white <a href="Milia" class="mw-redirect" title="Milia">milia</a> (milk spots).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Earwax" title="Earwax">Earwax</a> is partly composed of sebum produced by glands in the ear canal. These secretions are <a href="Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> and have a high <a href="Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> content, which provides good lubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<p>Sebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as <a href="Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</a> and <a href="Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">keratosis pilaris</a>. In the skin pores, sebum and <a href="Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> can create a <a href="Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratotic</a> plug called a <a href="Comedo" title="Comedo">comedo</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Acne" title="Acne">Acne</a></div>

<p><a href="Acne" title="Acne">Acne</a> is a common occurrence, particularly during <a href="Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in <a href="Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenagers</a>, and is thought to relate to an increased production of sebum due to hormonal factors. The increased production of sebum can lead to a blockage of the sebaceous gland duct. This can cause a <a href="Comedo" title="Comedo">comedo</a> (commonly called a <i>blackhead</i> or a <i>whitehead</i>), which can lead to infection, particularly by the bacteria <i><a href="Cutibacterium_acnes" title="Cutibacterium acnes">Cutibacterium acnes</a></i>. This can <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflame</a> the comedones, which then change into the characteristic acne lesions. Comedones generally occur on the areas with more sebaceous glands, particularly the face, shoulders, upper chest and back. Comedones may be "black" or "white" depending on whether the entire pilosebaceous unit, or just the sebaceous duct, is blocked.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sebaceous_filament" title="Sebaceous filament">Sebaceous filaments</a>—innocuous build-ups of sebum—are often mistaken for <i>whiteheads</i>.

</p><p>There are many treatments available for acne from reducing sugars in the diet, to medications that include antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, and hormonal treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retinoids reduce the amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should the usual treatments fail, the presence of the <a href="Demodex" title="Demodex">Demodex</a> mite could be looked for as the possible cause.<sup id="cite_ref-yzhaocase_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yzhaocase-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

<p>Other conditions that involve the sebaceous glands include:

</p>

<ul><li>Seborrhoea refers to overactive sebaceous glands, a cause of oily skin<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or hair.<sup id="cite_ref-ZDD_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Sebaceous_hyperplasia" title="Sebaceous hyperplasia">Sebaceous hyperplasia</a>, referring to excessive proliferation of the cells within the glands, and visible macroscopically as small papules on the skin, particularly on the forehead, nose and cheeks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrhoeic dermatitis</a>, a chronic, usually mild form of <a href="Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> effected by changes in the sebaceous glands.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">newborn</a> infants, seborrhoea dermatitis can occur as <a href="Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">cradle cap</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Seborrheic-like_psoriasis" title="Seborrheic-like psoriasis">Seborrheic-like psoriasis</a> (also known as "Sebopsoriasis",<sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Seborrhiasis") is a skin condition characterized by <a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a> with an overlapping seborrheic dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup></li>

<li><a href="Sebaceous_adenoma" title="Sebaceous adenoma">Sebaceous adenoma</a>, a benign slow-growing <a href="Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumour</a>—which may, however, in rare cases be a precursor to a cancer syndrome known as <a href="Muir%E2%80%93Torre_syndrome" title="Muir–Torre syndrome">Muir–Torre syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Sebaceous_carcinoma" title="Sebaceous carcinoma">Sebaceous carcinoma</a>, an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous tumour.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7601925_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7601925-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Sebaceous_cyst" title="Sebaceous cyst">Sebaceous cyst</a> is a term used to refer to both an <a href="Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">epidermoid cyst</a> and a <a href="Pilar_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilar cyst">pilar cyst</a>, though neither of these contain sebum, only keratin and do not originate in the sebaceous gland and so are not true sebaceous cysts. A true sebaceous cyst is relatively rare and is known as a <a href="Steatocystoma_simplex" title="Steatocystoma simplex">steatocystoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a>, a hairless region or plaque on the scalp or skin, caused by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands. The condition is congenital and the plaque becomes thicker into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-DoJ_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoJ-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Phymatous_rosacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Phymatous rosacea">Phymatous rosacea</a> is a <a href="Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">cutaneous condition</a> characterized by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>sebaceous</i>, meaning 'consisting of sebum', was first termed in 1728 and comes from the Latin for 'tallow'.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaceous glands have been documented since at least 1746 by <a href="Jean_Astruc" title="Jean Astruc">Jean Astruc</a>, who defined them as "...the glands which separate the fat."<sup id="cite_ref-ASTRUC1746_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTRUC1746-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: viii">: viii </span></sup> He describes them in the <a href="Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a> and on the <a href="Head" title="Head">head</a>, <a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a>, and <a href="Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>, as "universally" acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-ASTRUC1746_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTRUC1746-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–25 viii">: 22–25 viii </span></sup> Astruc describes them being blocked by "small animals" that are "implanted" in the excretory ducts<sup id="cite_ref-ASTRUC1746_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTRUC1746-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> and attributes their presence in the oral cavity to <a href="Apthous_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apthous ulcer">apthous ulcers</a>, noting that "these glands naturally [secrete] a viscous humour, which puts on various colours and consistencies... in its natural state is very mild, balsamic, and intended to wet and lubricate the mouth".<sup id="cite_ref-ASTRUC1746_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTRUC1746-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–86">: 85–86 </span></sup> In <i>The Principles of Physiology</i> 1834, Andrew Combe noted that the glands were not present in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_animals">In animals</h2></div>

</div>

Example of a gular gland in a male <a href="Black_bonneted_bat" title="Black bonneted bat">black bonneted bat</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</div>

<p>The <a href="Preputial_gland" title="Preputial gland">preputial glands</a> of <a href="Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> and <a href="Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> are large modified sebaceous glands that produce <a href="Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> used for territorial marking.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and the <a href="Scent_gland" title="Scent gland">scent glands</a> in the flanks of <a href="Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a> have a similar composition to human sebaceous glands, are androgen responsive, and have been used as a basis for study.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH2007_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of bat, including the <a href="Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed</a>, have a specialized sebaceous gland occurring on the throat called a "gular gland".<sup id="cite_ref-Gutierrez_1973_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez_1973-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gland is present more frequently in males than females, and it is hypothesized that the secretions of the gland are used for scent-marking.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Sebaceous_adenitis" title="Sebaceous adenitis">Sebaceous adenitis</a> is an <a href="Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> that affects sebaceous glands. It is mainly known to occur in <a href="Canidae" title="Canidae">dogs</a>, particularly <a href="Poodle" title="Poodle">poodles</a> and <a href="Akita_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita (dog)">akitas</a>, where it is thought to be generally <a href="Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessively</a> inherited. It has also been described in cats, and one report describes this condition in a rabbit. In these animals, it causes hair loss, though the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-MecklenburgLinek2009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MecklenburgLinek2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_glands_of_the_human_body" title="List of glands of the human body">List of glands of the human body</a></li>

<li><a href="Nasal_sebum" title="Nasal sebum">Nasal sebum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebaceous_filament" title="Sebaceous filament">Sebaceous filament</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalFurnari1958" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal, Stanley A; Furnari, Domenica (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjid.1958.50">"Slide Agglutination as a Presumptive Test in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida Albicans1"</a>. <i>The Journal of Investigative Dermatology</i>. <b>31</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>253. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjid.1958.50">10.1038/jid.1958.50</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13598929">13598929</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heideman, P. D., Erickson, K. R., & Bowles, J. B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdheid.people.wm.edu/Mollosus_sinaloae_Heideman_et_al_1990.pdf">Notes on the breeding biology, gular gland and roost habits of Molossus sinaloae (Chiroptera, Molossidae)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021003311/https://pdheid.people.wm.edu/Mollosus_sinaloae_Heideman_et_al_1990.pdf">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 55(5), 303-307.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-MecklenburgLinek2009-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MecklenburgLinek2009_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLars_MecklenburgMonika_LinekDesmond_J._Tobin2009" class="citation book cs1">Lars Mecklenburg; Monika Linek; Desmond J. Tobin (15 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw4rdT8KyoAC&pg=PA269"><i>Hair Loss Disorders in Domestic Animals</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 269–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8138-1934-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224181101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw4rdT8KyoAC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/08801loa.htm">Histology image: 08801loa</a> – Histology Learning System at Boston University</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Sebaceous+Glands">Sebaceous+Glands</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Epithelial_tissue48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial</a> tissue</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Squamous_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelial cell">Squamous </a></li>

<li><a href="Cuboidal_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuboidal epithelial cell">Cuboidal </a></li>

<li><a href="Columnar_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelial cell">Columnar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simple6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">Simple squamous epithelium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">Mesothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">Simple cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">Simple columnar epithelium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">Stratified squamous epithelium</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">Stratified cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">Stratified columnar epithelium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">Respiratory epithelium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional epithelium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">Urothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Merocrine" title="Merocrine">Merocrine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">Eccrine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apocrine" title="Apocrine">Apocrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocrine" title="Holocrine">Holocrine</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tubular_gland" title="Tubular gland">Tubular gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Alveolar_gland" title="Alveolar gland">Alveolar gland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">Serous glands</a></li>

<li><a href="Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucous glands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Myoepithelial_cell" title="Myoepithelial cell">Myoepithelial cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Serous_demilune" title="Serous demilune">Serous demilune</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">Ducts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intralobular_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralobular duct">Intralobular</a></li>

<li><a href="Striated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated duct">Striated </a></li>

<li><a href="Intercalated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated duct">Intercalated </a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Acinus" title="Acinus">Acinus</a>/<a href="Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_and_related_structures119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Skin_and_related_structures119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Skin and related structures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">Stratum corneum</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratum_lucidum" title="Stratum lucidum">Stratum lucidum</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratum_granulosum" title="Stratum granulosum">Stratum granulosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratum_spinosum" title="Stratum spinosum">Stratum spinosum</a></li>

<li><a href="Malpighian_layer" title="Malpighian layer">Malpighian layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratum_basale" title="Stratum basale">Stratum basale</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">Basement membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">Basal keratinocyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamina_lucida" title="Lamina lucida">Lamina lucida</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamina_densa" title="Lamina densa">Lamina densa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Papillary_dermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary dermis">Papillary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dermal_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal papillae">Dermal papillae</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reticular_dermis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular dermis">Reticular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Panniculus" title="Panniculus">Panniculus</a>/<a href="Pannus" title="Pannus">Pannus</a> (<a href="Panniculus_adiposus" title="Panniculus adiposus">Panniculus adiposus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panniculus_carnosus" title="Panniculus carnosus">Panniculus carnosus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Membranous_layer" title="Membranous layer">Membranous layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose connective tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Superficial_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial fascia">Superficial fascia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Skin_appendage" title="Skin appendage">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Skin_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin gland">Skin glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">Sweat glands</a>: <a href="Apocrine_sweat_gland" title="Apocrine sweat gland">Apocrine sweat gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">Eccrine sweat gland</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Root_sheath_(hair)" title="Root sheath (hair)">Root sheath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outer_root_sheath" title="Outer root sheath">Outer root sheath</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_root_sheath" title="Inner root sheath">Inner root sheath</a>

<ul><li><a href="Henle's_layer" title="Henle's layer">Henle's layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Huxley's_layer" title="Huxley's layer">Huxley's layer</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hair_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair shaft">Hair shaft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuticle_(hair)" title="Cuticle (hair)">Cuticle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cortex_(hair)" title="Cortex (hair)">Cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Medulla_(hair)" title="Medulla (hair)">Medulla</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrix_(hair)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix (hair)">Bulb with matrix cells</a></li>

<li><a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">Hair follicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">Arrector pili muscle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pilosebaceous_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilosebaceous unit">Pilosebaceous unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nail_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail matrix">Nail matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail plate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunula_(anatomy)" title="Lunula (anatomy)">Lunula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eponychium" title="Eponychium">Eponychium</a></li>

<li><a href="Paronychium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paronychium">Paronychium</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyponychium" title="Hyponychium">Hyponychium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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